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Insights

Methodology, regulation, and the shape of a defensible board pack.

Working notes from the FairLedger team on Consumer Duty evidencing for UK payments and e-money firms.

Methodology

The two Consumer Duty outcomes that are quantitative — and why they are the hardest to evidence

Price & value and products & services are the outcomes the FCA can test with numbers. Here is why most payments firms answer them manually — and what a defensible alternative looks like.

July 2026 · 8 min readRead →
Fair value

Fair-value methodology for payments: three approaches and when each defends

Margin-based, benchmark-based and outcome-based fair-value calculations each have a place. This is when each one is the right answer for a UK payment institution.

July 2026 · 11 min readRead →
Board pack

The Consumer Duty board pack: what a Consumer Duty Champion needs on Day 1

The pack a Consumer Duty Champion needs is not the pack most vendors ship. A note on structure, appendices and the read that survives an FCA question.

July 2026 · 6 min readRead →
Insights, monthly

Methodology notes and regulatory movements, sent monthly.

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